The Prohibited List is subject to annual review with revised lists coming into force each January. The reasons athletes use drugs that appear on the WADA Prohibited List are manifold, complex and vary from athlete to athlete. In addition, this study found that there is a belief by athletes about the inefficiency of anti-doping programmes and athletes criticise the way tests are carried out. Some of the compounding factors that encourage the use of prohibited substances are:.
There are occasions when an athlete may take a prohibited substance inadvertently. For Specified Substances, sanctions should be made more flexible where an athlete or other person associated with an adverse analytical finding can clearly demonstrate that he or she did not intend to enhance sport performance.
Healthcare professionals are the experts with respect to medicines and should use this expertise to ensure the effective, safe and legal use of drugs in sport. There are a number of ways in which healthcare professionals can guide and support athletes with regard to their use of drugs within a sporting context:.
Contact: dr. Image by Erik F. Brandsborg via Active I Oslo. PDF Version. Sports Pharmacy. Volume 2 Issue 4 view all articles in this issue. Home » Articles » Why do athletes take drugs? Why do athletes take drugs? The principal reasons can be categorised as: Therapeutic use for the treatment of medical conditions. Performance enhancement. Insulin and diuretics The use of these drugs in sport is prohibited at all times both in-competition and out-of-competition.
Beta-blockers Beta-blockers are only prohibited in particular sports. Beta-2 agonists, glucocorticosteroids, decongestant stimulants, narcotics These classes of drugs are prohibited only in-competition. The website asks the user to provide information on: User type athlete, coach, health professional etc.
The country in which the medicine was obtained. The name of the medicine. Therapeutic use exemption As we have seen in Table 2, there are several classes of drugs that athletes may need to take for legitimate therapeutic reasons but which appear on the WADA Prohibited List. The broad criteria for granting a TUE are: The athlete would experience a significant impairment to health if the prohibited substance or prohibited method were to be withheld in the course of treating an acute or chronic medical condition.
The therapeutic use of the prohibited substance or prohibited method would produce no additional enhancement of performance other than that which might be anticipated by a return to a state of normal health following the treatment of a legitimate medical condition.
There is no reasonable therapeutic alternative to the use of the otherwise prohibited substance or prohibited method. The necessity for the use of the otherwise prohibited substance or prohibited method cannot be a consequence, wholly or in part, of the prior use, without a TUE, of a substance or method which was prohibited at the time of use. How can we classify performance-enhancing substances? Are supplements safe to use? Illegal performance-enhancing drugs We have already reviewed some of the classes of drugs that are included in the WADA Prohibited List.
A substance or method shall be considered for inclusion on the Prohibited List if WADA determines that the substance or method meets any two of the following three criteria: The substance or method, alone or in combination with other substances or methods, has the potential to enhance or does enhances sport performance.
The use of the substance or method represents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete. Why do athletes use illegal performance-enhancing substances?
Some of the compounding factors that encourage the use of prohibited substances are: Media coverage: In their attempt to sell newspapers and other promotional material, the media tend to give extensive coverage to doping scandals within sport.
This may give the athlete a misleading impression of the extent to which performance-enhancing drugs are used in sport. Peer pressure: Athletes may directly observe or hear of the practices of fellow athletes who use performance-enhancing drugs. Alternatively, athletes may be offered performance-enhancing drugs by their fellow competitors or team members. Support team pressure: Those people who support athletes such as family members, coaches and healthcare professionals may instil additional pressure on athletes to improve performance by any means available.
Availability of substances: In addition to the more traditional sources of drug supply, an athlete can now obtain virtually any product they wish through the internet. Misleading information: Some apparently safe supplements may contain traces of prohibited substances. In addition, the labelling of some supplements may not be complete or accurate.
Lack of understanding: Athletes are not pharmacologists and the plethora of information that appears on medicinal products can be confusing to the untrained eye. Specified substances There are occasions when an athlete may take a prohibited substance inadvertently. There are a number of ways in which healthcare professionals can guide and support athletes with regard to their use of drugs within a sporting context: Provide appropriate, rational prescribing of drugs for medical conditions.
Some athletes use performance-enhancing drugs to keep up with competition. Some do it to reduce anxiety. Some want to escape the isolation of fame. Some have serious mental health and addiction issues and others just want to have fun. Even still, the overarching issue does not seem to be the players, but the game. The sports media often treats recreational drug use as an immature an undisciplined extravagance, not as a solution to the problem that fans expect too much from their athletes.
But as entertaining as it may be for Stephen A. But leagues and teams are far more focused with the public relations nightmare that comes with a doping or substance abuse scandal, so they stay away. By banning legal substances like marijuana, sports leagues refuse to recognize the difficulties professional athletes face. Sports Professional Sports. By Micah Greenberg Sports Editor. Tagged: Doping Hall of Fame Marijuana. It also provides information concerning the legitimate medical use of substances.
When these compounds are misused, it constitutes a breach of ethics both by the user and supplier. The primary medical use of these compounds is to treat delayed puberty, some types of impotence, and wasting of the body caused by HIV infection or other muscle-wasting diseases. What are some potential side effects of anabolic steroid abuse?
Some physiological and psychological side effects of anabolic steroid abuse have potential to impact any user, while other side effects are gender specific. The following list is not comprehensive. The primary medical use of these compounds vary, but include treatment of cancer or aiding those born prematurely. The presence of an abnormal concentration of a hormone, its metabolites, relevant ratios or markers in your sample is deemed to contain a prohibited substance unless you can demonstrate the concentration was due to a physiological or pathological condition.
Despite the presence of some growth factors, platelet-derived preparations were removed from the List as current studies on PRP do not demonstrate any potential for performance enhancement beyond a potential therapeutic effect.
Note that individual growth factors are still prohibited when given separately as purified substances as described in S. The primary medical use of these compounds is to treat conditions such as asthma and other respiratory ailments. Some studies have shown beta-2 agonists have performance-enhancing effects when consistently high levels are present in the blood. The primary medical use of these compounds is to treat conditions such as hypertension, kidney disease and congestive heart failure.
Taken without medical supervision, diuretics can result in potassium depletion and possibly even death. The primary medical use of these compounds is to treat conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD , asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity. This means that it has a high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the United States, and lacks accepted safety data for use under medical supervision.
Side effects of cannabinoid use include:. Blood doping is the practice of misusing certain techniques and substances to increase the red blood cell mass in the body. Since the red blood cells carry oxygen to the muscles, this allows the body to transport more oxygen to working muscles and therefore can increase their aerobic capacity and endurance.
The primary use of blood transfusions and synthetic oxygen carriers are for patients who have suffered massive blood loss, either during a major surgical procedure or caused by major trauma. Erythropoietin is used in the treatment of anemia related to kidney disease. However, misuse of these substances and techniques could lead to:. In small doses narcotics have medical uses that include relieving severe pain and inducing sleep. However, narcotic overdose is a medical emergency and can lead to respiratory depression and even death.
While a sensation of euphoria and psychological stimulation are effects common to the use of narcotics, the misuse of narcotics can pose ethical questions about the handling of the substance as well as great health risks. Those include:. The primary medical use of beta-blockers is to control hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris severe chest pain , migraine, and nervous or anxiety-related conditions.
The primary medical use of these compounds is to treat allergies, asthma, inflammatory conditions, and skin disorders among other ailments. Concerningly, hormone and metabolic modulators, like GW, are often masqueraded as, or used in combination, with SARMs.
GW never made it through pre-clinical trials because it consistently caused cancer. Although the long-term effects of SARMs are still unknown, side effects may start with hair loss and acne. More serious health consequences have also been documented, including liver toxicity, as liver enzymes rise, and drops in good cholesterol, which can affect heart health.
If this stress continues, SARMs have the potential to increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. One of the most commonly abused performance-enhancing drugs, testosterone, comes with a wide range of immediate and long-term side effects. Continued use can cause the body to stop producing hormones naturally and lead to organ enlargement, stunted growth, liver damage, and fertility issues.
Moreover, natural testosterone levels may never recover, making the consequences of doping irreversible. Side effects may also be psychological, with testosterone often being connected to increased aggressiveness because it impacts the brains subcortical structures in the amygdala and the hypothalamus.
As with any anabolic steroid use, withdrawal from testosterone use may lead to depression, and even suicide. Prohibited stimulants, like methylhexanamine, that are often found in contaminated pre-workout supplements, as well as permitted stimulants, like caffeine, can both result in negative health effects if abused.
At low doses, stimulants can lead to increased perspiration, shaking, inability to focus, and sleep loss, as well as low appetite and dehydration. In higher doses, stimulants can also lead to more severe health effects, such as rapid heart rate and high blood pressure.
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